Guillaume DE NORMANDIE King of England
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 1027 - Normandie, France Christening: Death: 9 Sep 1087 - Rouen, Normandie, France ( aged about 60) Burial: in Abbey d'Saint-Etienne, Caen, Normandie Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Robert DE NORMANDIE Duc de Normandie (1000-Bef 1035) Mother: Herlève DE FALAISE (Abt 1003-Abt 1055)
Spouses and Children
1. *Mathilde FLANDRE of England (Abt 1031 - 2 Nov 1083) Marriage: Abt 1050 - Normandie Status: Children: 1. Duke Robert DE NORMANDIE Curthose (Abt 1054-Abt 1134) 2. Cecily OF ENGLAND (1055-1126) 3. Richard DE NORMANDIE (Abt 1055-Bef 1074) 4. Adeliza DE NORMANDIE (Abt 1057-Bef 1073) 5. King William DE NORMANDIE Rufus (Abt 1060-1100) 6. Agatha OF ENGLAND (1061-1079) 7. Mathilda OF ENGLAND (Abt 1061-Abt 1086) 8. Constance OF ENGLAND (1061-1090) 9. Adele DE NORMANDIE Comtesse de Blois (1062-1137) 10. King Henry NORMANDIE Beauclerc (1068-1135)
Notes
General:
William the ConquerorResearch:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Normandie-32
---
Biography
Name and Titles
William the Conqueror, King of England
Name: William the Conqueror aka William the Bastard aka William of Normandy. [1]
Modern French - Guillaume le Conquérant aka Guillaume le Bâtard aka Guillaume de Normandie
Duke of Normandy (1035-1087)
King of England (1066-1087)
Statue at
Lichfield Cathedral
Notes on the name as it was used in his own time:
In the French and English of the time, William's name was not Guillaume but typically spelled as Willelm or similar (for example on the Bayeux Tapestry). In Latin, this gained various grammatical endings, so that for example Willelmus is nominative. (Following the normal evolution of French, the "Gu-" forms of such words were starting to appear in some French writing.)
The term "conqueror" was added increasingly to his name after he died. In his own lifetime, William was more commonly referred to, even in documents, as "the bastard".
Many old documents such as those about Hastings refer to William as a duke and not as a king, because for a long time he was not a king, only a duke.
Birth
Born: Between 1027 and 1028.
His exact birth date is not known. William of Malmesbury stated that he was born of a concubine and was aged seven when his father left for Jerusalem; Orderic Vitalis said that he was eight years old. He was probably born mid-1027 when his father was known to have been occupying Falaise. [2]
Marriage and Children
Married: Matilda (or Maud) of Flanders between 1050 and 1053. She was the daughter of count Baldwin V of Flanders.
Image:Of Flanders-110.png
Matilda of Flanders
The marriage date and place is not precisely known. They were married after 1049 when Pope Leo IX, for uncertain reasons, prohibited their marriage; they were married by 1053 when they occur together as married in a charter. [1] A date of about 1050 is the usual preferred date. They are often said to have been married at the chapel of his castle in Eu, Normandy, France, and sometimes at his castle of Angi in Normandy. Neither location appears supported by contemporary documents.
Children of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders: [1]
Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy
Richard of Normandy.
Adelaide (or Adeliza) of Normandy.
Cecily of Normandy.
William II Rufus, King of England
Matilda of Normandy.
Constance of Normandy.
Adela of Normandy.
Henry I Beauclerc, King of England
Death
Died: 9 September 1087 at Priory of Saint-Gervais, near Rouen, Normandy, France.
William had been confined to bed and was said to become overweight when he was apparently taunted by the French king into a retributive attack on Mantes. According to William of Malmesbury some people said that the front of his saddle rammed into his belly while attempting to jump a ditch, but Malmesbury himself put it down to heat exhaustion. He was taken to a suburb of Rouen, where he lay dying for five weeks. He had the assistance of some of his bishops and doctors, and in attendance were his half brother Robert, count of Mortain, and his younger sons, William Rufus and Henry. Robert Curthose was with the King of France. It had probably been his intention that Robert, as was the custom, should succeed to the whole inheritance. In the circumstances he was tempted to make the loyal Rufus his sole heir. In the end he compromised: Normandy and Maine went to Robert and England to Rufus. Henry was given great treasure with which he could purchase an appanage. William died at daybreak on September 9, in his 60th year, and was buried in rather unseemly fashion in St. Stephen's Church, which he had built at Caen.
Burial: Abbey of Saint-Etienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes, in Caen, Normandy.
On the white Marble Tombstone of William the Conqueror it reads:
Tomb of
William the Conqueror
HIC SEPULUS EST.
IN VICTISSIMUS
GUILLELMUS
CONQUESTOR
NORMANIAE DUX.
ET ANGLIAE REX.
HUJUSCE DOMUS
CONDITOR,
QUI OBIIT ANNO
MLXXXVII
"The Abbey of Saint-Etienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey"), is a former Benedictine monastery dedicated to Saint Stephen. It was founded in 1063 by William the Conqueror and is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Normandy.
His tomb has been disturbed several times since 1087, the first time in 1522 when the grave was opened on orders from the papacy. The intact body was restored to the tomb at that time. In 1562, during the French Wars of Religion, the grave was again opened and the original tombstone of black marble, similar to that of Matilda in the Abbaye aux Dames, was destroyed. At that time his bones were scattered and lost, with the exception of one thigh bone. This lone relic was reburied in 1642 with a new marker, which was replaced 100 years later with a more elaborate monument. This tomb was again destroyed during the French Revolution of the 1790s, but was eventually replaced with the present early 19th century marker in white marble." [3]
"According to Orderic Vitalis, (his son) William Rufus commissioned a tomb for his father from the royal goldsmith, Otho, decorated with gold and jewels and bearing an epitaph penned by Thomas Bayeux, Archbishop of York. The only other record of the tomb is an account of its opening in 1522 in the presence of a visiting cardinal and two Italian prelates, when William's remains were revealed wrapped in a red taffeta cloak. The tomb was destroyed by Calvinists in 1562. What was allegedly William's thigh bone was reburied in the middle of the Saint-Etienne choir in 1642 beneath a black marble tomb-chest, which appears in the late-seventeenth-century record of French tombs made for Louis Gaignieres. The monument was destroyed (in the French Revolution) in 1793. The grave today is marked by a nineteenth-century marble slab and epitaph." [4]
Early years
William was the elder of two children of Robert I of Normandy and his concubine Herleva, or Arlette, the daughter of a burgher from the town of Falaise. In 1035 Robert died when returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and William, his only son, whom he had nominated as his heir before his departure, was accepted as duke by the Norman magnates and his feudal overlord, King Henry I of France. William and his friends had to overcome enormous obstacles. His illegitimacy (he was generally known as the Bastard) was a handicap, and he had to survive the collapse of law and order that accompanied his accession as a child.
Three of William's guardians died violent deaths before he grew up, and his tutor was murdered. His father's kin were of little help; most of them thought that they stood to gain by the boy's death. But his mother managed to protect William through the most dangerous period. These early difficulties probably contributed to his strength of purpose and his dislike of lawlessness and misrule.
Ruler of Normandy.
By 1042, when William reached his 15th year, was knighted, and began to play a personal part in the affairs of his duchy, the worst was over. But his attempts to recover rights lost during the anarchy and to bring disobedient vassals and servants to heel inevitably led to trouble. From 1046 until 1055 he dealt with a series of baronial rebellions, mostly led by kinsmen. Occasionally he was in great danger and had to rely on Henry of France for help. In 1047 Henry and William defeated a coalition of Norman rebels at Val-ès-Dunes, southeast of Caen. It was in these years that William learned to fight and rule.
William soon learned to control his youthful recklessness. He was always ready to take calculated risks on campaign and, most important, to fight a battle. But he was not a chivalrous or flamboyant commander. His plans were simple, his methods direct, and he exploited ruthlessly any advantage gained. If he found himself at a disadvantage, he withdrew immediately. He showed the same qualities in his government. He never lost sight of his aim to recover lost ducal rights and revenues, and, although he developed no theory of government or great interest in administrative techniques, he was always prepared to improvise and experiment. He seems to have lived a moral life by the standards of the time, and he acquired an interest in the welfare of the Norman church. He made his half brother, Odo, bishop of Bayeux in 1049 at the age of about 16, and Odo managed to combine the roles of nobleman and prelate in a way that did not greatly shock contemporaries. But William also welcomed foreign monks and scholars to Normandy. Lanfranc of Pavia, a famous master of the liberal arts, who entered the monastery of Bec about 1042, was made abbot of Caen in 1063.
According to a brief description of William's person by an anonymous author, who borrowed extensively from Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, he was just above average height and had a robust, thick-set body. Though he was always sparing of food and drink, he became fat in later life. He had a rough bass voice and was a good and ready speaker. Writers of the next generation agree that he was exceptionally strong and vigorous. William was an out-of-doors man, a hunter and soldier, fierce and despotic, generally feared; uneducated, he had few graces but was intelligent and shrewd and soon obtained the respect of his rivals.
New alliances
After 1047 William began to take part in events outside his duchy. In support of his lord, King Henry, and in pursuit of an ambition to strengthen his southern frontier and expand into Maine, he fought a series of campaigns against Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou. But in 1052 Henry and Geoffrey made peace, there was a serious rebellion in eastern Normandy, and, until 1054 William was again in serious danger. During this period he conducted important negotiations with his cousin Edward the Confessor, king of England, and took a wife.
Norman interest in Anglo-Saxon England derived from an alliance made in 1002 when King Ethelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Count Richard II, William's grandfather. Two of her sons, William's cousins once removed, had reigned in turn in England, Hardecanute (1040-42) and Edward the Confessor (1042-66). William had met Edward during that prince's exile on the Continent and may well have given him some support when he returned to England in 1041. In that year Edward was about 36 and William 14. It is clear that William expected some sort of reward from Edward and, when Edward's marriage proved unfruitful, began to develop an ambition to become his kinsman's heir. Edward probably at times encouraged William's hopes. His childlessness was a diplomatic asset.
In 1049 William negotiated with Baldwin V of Flanders for the hand of his daughter, Matilda. Baldwin, an imperial vassal with a distinguished lineage, was in rebellion against the Western emperor, Henry III, and in desperate need of allies. The proposed marriage was condemned as incestuous (William and Matilda were evidently related in some way) by the Emperor's friend, Pope Leo IX, at the Council of Reims in October 1049; but so anxious were the parties for the alliance that before the end of 1053, possibly in 1052, the wedding took place. In 1059 William was reconciled to the papacy, and as penance the disobedient pair built two monasteries at Caen. Four sons were born to William and Matilda: Robert (the future Duke of Normandy), Richard (who died young), William Rufus (the Conqueror's successor in England), and Henry (Rufus' successor). Among the daughters was Adela, who was the mother of Stephen, king of England.
Edward the Confessor was supporting the Emperor, and it is possible that William used his new alliance with Flanders to put pressure on Edward and extort an acknowledgment that he was the English king's heir. At all events, Edward seems to have made some sort of promise to William in 1051, while Tostig, son of the greatest nobleman in England, Earl Godwine, married Baldwin's half sister. The immediate purpose of this tripartite alliance was to improve the security of each of the parties. If William secured a declaration that he was Edward's heir, he was also looking very far ahead.
Between 1054 and 1060 William held his own against an alliance between King Henry I and Geoffrey Martel of Anjou. Both men died in 1060 and were succeeded by weaker rulers. As a result, in 1063 William was able to conquer Maine. In 1064 or 1065 Edward sent his brother-in-law, Harold, Earl of Wessex, Godwine's son and successor, on an embassy to Normandy. William took him on a campaign into Brittany, and in connection with this Harold swore an oath in which, according to Norman writers, he renewed Edward's bequest of the throne to William and promised to support it.
Harold's ship is driven across the channel. From the mast, a lookout spies land. It is Ponthieu, north of Normandy, the territory of the fierce Count Guy. Harold is shown twice. At the left he stands on the ship, ready to land. As soon as he climbs down, he is seized by the soldiers of Count Guy who directs operations from horseback.
The Normans catch up with Conan at Dinan. During the battle soldiers on horseback throw lances, and others try to set fire to the defences. Conan surrenders. He passes the keys of Dinan to William on the point of a lance. As a reward for his services, William honours Harold with the gift of arms. This ceremony would have been seen as making William Harold's overlord - an important event from the Norman point of view.
When Edward died childless on Jan. 5, 1066, Harold was accepted as king by the English magnates, and William decided on war. Others, however, moved more quickly. In May Tostig, Harold's exiled brother, raided England, and in September he joined the invasion forces of Harald III Hardraade, king of Norway, off the Northumbrian coast.
Edward died on the 5th January 1066. The Tapestry reverses the scenes of his death and his burial. Here we see his funeral procession to Westminster Abbey, is a great new Church. Edward had been too ill to attend its consecration on 28th December 1065. In the upper chamber King Edward is in his bed talking to his faithful followers, including Harold and Queen Edith - below he is shown dead with a priest in attendance. Two noblemen offer Harold the crown and ax, symbols of royal authority, that will make him King. He accepts the offer.
News of Edward's death and Harold's coronation is carried across the channel to William, Duke of Normandy. William is furious - he claimed that the throne of England should be his and saw Harold as a usurper. William decides to attack England and organises a fleet of warships. To his left sits Bishop Odo of Bayeux, his half-brother, making his first appearance in the tapestry.
William assembled a fleet, recruited an army, and gathered his forces in August at the mouth of the Dives River. It is likely that he originally intended to sail due north and invade England by way of the Isle of Wight and Southampton Water. Such a plan would give him an offshore base and interior lines. But adverse winds detained his fleet in harbour for a month, and in September a westerly gale drove his ships up-Channel.
The sea is crowded with ships, full of soldiers and horses. William sails in the ship, Mora, bought for him by his wife Matilda.
The Battle of Hastings
William regrouped his forces at Saint-Valéry on the Somme. He had suffered a costly delay, some naval losses, and a drop in the morale of his troops. On September 27, after cold and rainy weather, the wind backed south. William embarked his army and set sail for the southeast coast of England. The following morning he landed, took the unresisting towns of Pevensey and Hastings, and began to organize a bridgehead with between 4,000 and 7,000 cavalries and infantry.
Duke William appears in discussion with his half brothers Odo and Robert, Count of Mortain. A motte, a type of castle, is built to strengthen the Norman invaders' base at Hastings. A messenger brings William news of Harold and his army. On the right, a woman and her child flee from a burning house.
William's forces were in a narrow coastal strip, hemmed in by the great forest of Andred, and, although this corridor was easily defensible, it was not much of a base for the conquest of England. The campaigning season was almost past, and when William received news of his opponent it was not reassuring. On September 25 Harold had defeated and slain Tostig and Harald Hardraade at Stamford Bridge, near York, and was retracing his steps to meet the new invader. On October 13, when Harold emerged from the forest, William was taken by surprise. But the hour was too late for Harold to push on to Hastings, and he took up a defensive position.
On the morning of the battle, 14th October 1066, William, in full armour, is about to mount his horse. William's Norman cavalry gallops off to face Harold's English soldiers.
Early the next day William went out to give battle. He attacked the English phalanx with archers and cavalry but saw his army almost driven from the field. He rallied the fugitives, however, and brought them back into the fight and in the end wore down his opponents. Harold's brothers were killed early in the battle. Toward nightfall, the King himself fell and the English gave up. William's coolness and tenacity secured his victory in this fateful battle, and he then moved against possible centers of resistance so quickly that he prevented a new leader from emerging. On Christmas Day 1066 he was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. In a formal sense, the Norman Conquest of England had taken place.
The Normans seem to be getting the upper hand as the battle continues. Many more soldiers die, one appears to be having his head cut off. On the right is the best-known scene in the Tapestry: the Normans killing King Harold. But how is Harold killed? He seems to be shown twice: first plucking an arrow from his eye, and then being hacked down by a Norman knight. The tapestry is difficult to interpret here, but the second figure is probably Harold being killed.
King of England
Lichfield Cathedral Sculpture
William was already an experienced ruler. In Normandy he had replaced disloyal nobles and ducal servants with his own friends, limited private warfare, and recovered usurped ducal rights, defining the feudal duties of his vassals. The Norman church flourished under his rule. He wanted a church free of corruption but subordinate to him. He would not tolerate opposition from bishops and abbots or interference from the papacy. He presided over church synods and reinforced ecclesiastical discipline with his own. In supporting Lanfranc, prior of Bec, against Berengar of Tours in their dispute over the doctrine of the Eucharist, he found himself on the side of orthodoxy. He was never guilty of the selling of church office (simony). He disapproved of clerical marriage. At the same time, he was a stern and sometimes rough master, swayed by political necessities, and he was not generous to the church with his own property. The reformer Lanfranc was one of his advisers, but perhaps even more to his taste were the worldly and soldierly bishops Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey of Coutances.
William left England early in 1067 but had to return in December because of English unrest. The English rebellions that began in 1067 reached their peak in 1069 and were finally quelled in 1071. They completed the ruin of the highest English aristocracy and gave William a distaste for his newly conquered kingdom. Since his position on the Continent was deteriorating, he wanted to solve English problems as cheaply as possible. To secure England's frontiers, he invaded Scotland in 1072 and Wales in 1081 and created special defensive "marcher" counties along the Scottish and Welsh borders.
In the last 15 years of his life, he was more often in Normandy than in England, and there were five years, possibly seven, in which he did not visit the kingdom at all. He retained most of the greatest Anglo-Norman barons with him in Normandy and confided the government of England to bishops, trusting especially his old friend Lanfranc, whom he made archbishop of Canterbury. Much concerned that the natives should not be unnecessarily disturbed, he allowed them to retain their own laws and courts.
William returned to England only when it was absolutely necessary: in 1075 to deal with the aftermath of a rebellion by Roger, earl of Hereford, and Ralf, earl of Norfolk, which was made more dangerous by the intervention of a Danish fleet; and in 1082 to arrest and imprison his half brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux and earl of Kent, who was planning to take an army to Italy, perhaps to make himself pope. In the spring of 1082, William had his son Henry knighted, and in August at Salisbury he took oaths of fealty from all the important landowners in England, whosoever's vassals they might be. In 1085 he returned with a large army to meet the threat of an invasion by Canute IV (Canute the Holy) of Denmark. When this came to nothing owing to Canute's death in 1086, William ordered an economic and tenurial survey to be made of the kingdom, the results of which are summarized in the two volumes of Domesday Book.
William was preoccupied with the frontiers of Normandy. The danger spots were in Maine and the Vexin on the Seine, where Normandy bordered on the French royal demesne. After 1066 William's continental neighbors became more powerful and even more hostile. In 1068 Fulk the Surly succeeded to Anjou and in 1071 Robert the Frisian to Flanders. Philip I of France allied with Robert and Robert with the Danish king, Canute IV. There was also the problem of William's heir apparent, Robert Curthose, who, given no appanage and seemingly kept short of money, left Normandy in 1077 and intrigued with his father's enemies. In 1081 William made a compromise with Fulk in the treaty of Blancheland: Robert Curthose was to be count of Maine but as a vassal of the count of Anjou. The eastern part of the Vexin, the county of Mantes, had fallen completely into King Philip's hands in 1077 when William had been busy with Maine. In 1087 William demanded from Philip the return of the towns of Chaumont, Mantes, and Pontoise. In July he entered Mantes by surprise, but while the town burned he suffered some injury from which he never recovered. He was thwarted at the very moment when he seemed about to enforce his last outstanding territorial claim.
Research Notes
[These for the most part do not look like normal Wikitree research notes, but duplication of things covered above?]
William was the illegitimate son of Robert, Duke of Normandy. He won the English throne by defeating Harold II at Hastings (Senlac) in 1066 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day of the same year. Throughout his reign, he retained the Dukedom of Normandy. Despite many uprisings, he ferociously defeated Anglo-Saxon resistance but Hereward the Wake defied him in the Fens around Ely until 1071. Castles were built at strategic points, including Warwick and Windsor, first of earth banks and wooden keeps and later of massive stonework. For some 25 years, the Normans lived as conquerors in an occupied land but they began to intermarry with the resident population and slowly adapted and adopted some of the Anglo-Saxon cultures. William ordered the Domesday Book to be drawn up to record details of landholders and the value of every estate and surprisingly this took only a year to compile. The feudal system, with Normans as Barons was instituted and regular meetings of a Great Council of advisors was set up, with venues at Gloucester, Westminster and Winchester. Llanfranc was made Archbishop of Canterbury and building started on seven new cathedrals. William also set in hand the building of the Tower of London.
William, who was 5ft 10ins, married Matilda of Flanders. Matilda was not 4ft 2ins tall. Her incomplete skeleton was examined in France, and her bones were measured to determine her height. The 1819 estimate was under five feet, while the 1959 estimate was 5' (152 cm) tall. A reputed height of 4' 2" (127 cm) appeared at some point after 1959 in the non-scientific literature, misrepresenting the 1959 measurement.[5] He died of injuries, received while fighting in France, on Thursday 9th September1087. William I (of England), called The Conqueror (1027-87), first Norman king of England (1066-87) , who has been called one of the first modern kings and is generally regarded as one of the outstanding figures in western European history.
When Robert I, William's father, died on pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1035, William was only about seven. Before leaving he had persuaded his magnates to accept his bastard son William as his heir. When Robert's death became known, his father's chief supporters became his protectors. These men were Robert, archbishop of Rouen and his father's uncle, Count Alan of Brittany, and Osbern, the steward at court. One other, Turold of Turchetil, "pedegogus" of the young Duke. Within a short period, all these men were dead, all excepting the archbishop were murdered in someway. That William lived to come to his majority is amazing. Many of the Norman nobility thought themselves more rightful holders of William's Duchy; many were relatives. William did survive, however, but danger was never to be far all of his life. The years proceeding the conquest were years of constant war as William first defended, then enlarged his lands.
Edward the Confessor, having no successor to the English throne, seems to have promised it to William. Earl Harold who, with his brothers, actually controlled England under Edward thought that he should be king. When Edward died, Harold was forced to defend his claims, first from the Norwegian king Harald Hardraada whom he defeated, and then from William. William invaded England in 1066 and, at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October of that year, Harold was killed and his army was defeated. William swiftly gained control in London and had himself crowned king on Christmas day 1066.
Despite continued fighting, especially in the north, the Norman Conquest of England was completed by 1072 aided by the establishment of feudalism under which his followers were granted land in return for pledges of service and loyalty. As king, William was noted for his efficient if harsh rule. His administration relied upon Norman and other foreign personnel, especially Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1085 he started the Domesday Book which was a census of taxable citizens. It remains today as a valuable historical and genealogical document of those living at the time.
Sources
Footnotes and citations:
? 1.0 1.1 1.2 Baldwin. The Henry Project: William the Conqueror page
? Cawley. Medieval Lands Entry for Guillaume de Normandie
? Wikipedia contributors, "Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, [1] (accessed March 23, 2016).
? Royal Tombs of Medieval England M. Duffy 2003 pages 43, 44
? John Dewhurst, 'A historical obstetric enigma: how tall was Matilda?', Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1981), pp. 271\endash 72
Source list:
Baldwin, Stewart. "William "the Conqueror" (Guillaume "le Conquérant")"; website - The Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England. (William the Conqueror page; accessed April 2017).
Cawley, Charles. Website - Medieval Lands: A Prosopography of Medieval European Noble and Royal Families, Online at Foundation for Medieval Genealogy Website. Entry for GUILLAUME de Normandie
Richardson, Douglas Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families], 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham, (Salt Lake City, Utah: the author, 2013): Vol. I. page 1-8, also Vol I. page 108, 129, 197, 199, 234, 302, 389, 448, 479, 493, 496, 536, 541and 566, and Vol. V. page 481 Line A, Vol V. page 487 #11, 488 i. and Vol V. page 492-493. Amazon.com LINK
Historia Anglorum: the history of the English people. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. (accessed 27 Sep 2021)
Wikipedia: "William the Conqueror". Website - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (accessed March 23, 2016).
Planché, James Robinson. The Conqueror and his Companions, vol. I, (London, 1874): 1. Archive.org LINK
English Monarchs
Richard DE NORMANDIE
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: 23 Aug 963 - Évreux, Normandie Christening: Death: 28 Aug 1026 - Fécamp, Normandie ( at age 63) Burial: Cause of Death:
Spouses and Children
1. *Judith DE BRETAGNE (982 - 16 Jun 1017) Marriage: 1000 - Mont Saint-Michel Status: Children: 1. Robert DE NORMANDIE Duc de Normandie (1000-Bef 1035) 2. Papia D'ENVERMEU (997 - After 1047) Marriage: After 1017 Status:
Notes
General:
Richard (Richard II) "le Bon, Duc de Normandie"Research:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Normandie-36
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Biography
The House of Normandie crest.
Richard II (Normandie) de Normandie is a member of the House of Normandie.
Notables Project
Richard II (Normandie) de Normandie is Notable.
Richard II "le Bon/l'Irascible", Duc de Normandie (d. 23 Aug 1026) bur. Fécamp
Richard is the son of Richard I, Duke of Normandie and Gunnora. He had two wives: Judith de Bretagne and Papia (Poppa). In total, they bore him eight (8) known children.[6][7]
According to Cawley (2006), Richard was also betrothed Estrid "Margaret" Svensdatter some time after 1017, but repudiated her.[8] Baldwin (2006), elaborates on the problems with this theory, particulary because it's also been said that she was betrothed to Robert. [9]
Titles
996: Comte de Normandie
1015: Duc de Normandie
Parents
Father: Richard I "Sans Peur", Duc de Normandie.[10]
Mother: Gunnora UNKNOWN (c. 950 - d. [05] Jan 1031).[11][12]
Marriage
m.1 (1000) Judith [de Rennes] de Bretagne (d. 28 Jun 1017). Issue: 6.[13]
Adelais "Judith".[1]
m. (ante 01 Sep 1016) Renaud de Macon, Count of Burgundy.[14]
Richard III, Duc de Normandie (d. Aug 1027)
Robert "le Magnifique", Duc de Normandie (d. [22] Jul 1035).[2]
UNKNOWN (Eleonore or Judith) de Normandie.[3]
m. (after 1030) Badouin IV, Comte de Flandre
Guillaume (d. 05 Dec 1025)
(dau) UNKNOWN - possibly "Mathilde" (d. 1033).[4]
m.2 Papia (Poppa) UNKNOWN (d. after 1047). Issue: 2.[15]
Guillaume de Normandie, Comte de Talu et Comte d'Arques.[16]
Mauger, Archbishop of Rouen
Sources
? Cawley (2006), states her alias is Judith, but Baldwin (2006) attributes the alias of Judith to the wife of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders.
? Cawley (2006), calls him Robert II, Duke of Normandy.[1] while Baldwin (2006), refers to him Robert I "le Magnifique" Duke of Normandy.[2]
? Cawley (2006), cites her as Eleonore, while Baldwin (2006) disputes this and says that Eleonore and Judith are aliases for an unknown given name.[3]
? Baldwin (2006), seems certain she was named Mathilde,[4] but Cawley (2006) is not.[5]
Baldwin, S. (2006, October 12). "Richard II Duke of Normandy, 996-1026." The Henry Project. Web.[17]
Cawley, C. (2006). "Richard II, Duc de Normandie." Medieval Lands v.4. Fmg.ac.[18]
Charters (FR) bef. 1121, (Space: Telma)
1006: Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Fecamp - Fécamp, Musée de la Bénédictine, n° 1bis. Charter 2662.
1015: Chapter of Saint-Quentin - Paris, BNF, coll. de Picardie t. 352 n° 1. Charter 2388. Image.
1023: Abbey of Saint-Ouen, Rouen - Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 259.
Charter 4549
1024: Abbey of Saint-Ouen; Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 145. Charter 2672. Image. Abbey of Saint-Wandrille - Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 16 H cart. 2.
Charter 2670 Image.
1025: Abbey of Pope Chartre; Paris, BNF, lat. 9221 n° 3bis. Charter 1889. Image. Abbey of Saint-Wandrille; Paris, BNF, lat. 16738 n° 1. Charter 1888. - Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Fecamp - Fécamp, Musée de la Bénédictine, n° 2 bis. Charter 2674. Abbey of Sainte-Trinité - Fécamp, Musée de la Bénédictine, n° 2ter. Charter 2673.
1026: Abbey of Saint-Ouen; Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 145. Charter 2682. Image;
Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 404. Charter 2679 Image;
Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 448. Charter 2678. Image. Church of Our Lady of Montaur; Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 14 H 774.
Charter 2677. Image. Abbey of Saint-Wandrille - Rouen, AD Seine-Maritime, 16 H cart. 2. Charter 2683. Image.
1028: Abbey of Saint-Wandrille: Paris, BNF, lat. 16738 n° 2. Charter 1891. Image.
See also
Richardson, D. (n.d.). Royal Ancestry, V, pp. 486. N.p.
Wikipedia: Richard II, Duke of Normandy (v. 05:03, 13 Feb 2017?).[19]
Lundy, D. (n.d.). "Richard II, 4th Duc de Normandie #102169, b. circa 963, d. 28 August 1027," (citing Morby, Weir, Wikipedia and email). The Peerage. Web.[20]
Weis, F.L. (1992). Ancestral Roots; 7th ed.
Richard DE NORMANDIE
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 1055 - Normandie Christening: Death: Bef 1074 Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Guillaume DE NORMANDIE King of England (Abt 1027-1087) Mother: Mathilde FLANDRE of England (Abt 1031-1083)Duke Robert DE NORMANDIE Curthose
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 1054 - Falaise, Normandie Christening: Death: Abt 1134 - Cardiff, Wales ( aged about 80) Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Guillaume DE NORMANDIE King of England (Abt 1027-1087) Mother: Mathilde FLANDRE of England (Abt 1031-1083)Robert DE NORMANDIE Duc de Normandie
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: 22 Jun 1000 - Rouen, Normandie Christening: Death: Bef 3 Jul 1035 - Nicaea, Byzantium Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Richard DE NORMANDIE (963-1026) Mother: Judith DE BRETAGNE (982-1017)
Spouses and Children
1. *Herlève DE FALAISE (Abt 1003 - Abt 1055) Partnership: Status: No evidence this couple married Children: 1. Guillaume DE NORMANDIE King of England (Abt 1027-1087)
Notes
General:
Robert I, Robert le MagnifiqueResearch:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Normandie-43
---
Biography
Name and Titles
Robert I "le Magnifique"[1]
Robert I, the Magnificent, [2]
Robert is usually called Robert I, Duke of Normandy, but since his ancestor Rollo took Robert as his baptismal name, sometimes Rollo is addressed as Robert I, and this Robert as Robert II. [3]
He was also, although erroneously, said to have been called 'Robert the Devil' (French: le Diable). Robert I was never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime. 'Robert the Devil' was a fictional character who was confused with Robert I, Duke of Normandy sometime near the end of the Middle Ages. [4] In 1831 the composer, Giacomo Meyerbeer, wrote an opera "Robert le Diable" about this legendary character.
Count of Hiemois, 1026, [2]
Duke of Normandy, 1027-1035, [2] [1]
Birth and Parentage
Baldwin reports that Robert's date and place of birth are unknown.[1] Wikipedia reports a birth date and place of 22 June 1000 in Normandy[3] but without a persuasive source.
Robert was the son of Richard II, duke of Normandy, who died 23 August 1026, and Judith de Rennes, who died 28 June 1017, daughter of Conan I of Brittany. [1] Cawley reports that Guillaume of Jumièges names "Richardum...atque Robertum et Willelmum" as the three sons of "dux Richardus" and his wife "Goiffredum Britannorum comitem... sororem... Iudith". [5]
1016 Engagement to Estrid Svensdatter
After Cnut's elevation to the throne of England (1016) , Cnut made an agreement with Richard II of Normandy that Cnut's sister Estrid Estrid was to marry Richard's son Robert. It is not known whether this marriage ever took place. Ralph Glaber in his Historiarum libri quinque [6] reported that an unnamed sister of Cnut married Robert, but Adam of Bremen reports a marriage of Estrid (calling her Margaret) to Richard II, indicating that after he went to Jerusalem she married Ulf, yet although Richard never went to Jerusalem Robert did. [7]
Baldwin reports as a "Possible spouse or intended spouse (of Robert or his father Richard II), Estrid/Margaret, daughter of Svend I, king of Denmark. Rodulfus Glaber, 108, states that Robert was married to a sister (not named) of king Canute, and that he was father of William by a concubine. Adam of Bremen [Book 2, chapter liv(52), p. 92], who obtained some of his information from king Svend II (son of Estrid by her marriage to jarl Ulf), stated that before her marriage to Ulf, Svend's mother Margaret (called Estrid in other sources) was married to Richard (II) of Normandy, father of Robert, but then goes on to show confusion by saying that Margaret married Ulf after Richard set out for Jurusalem, where he died. (Richard did not set out for Jeruslaem, but Robert did.) Unfortunately, there are significant problems with the statement that Estrid married either Richard or Robert, discussed in detail by Douglas [Douglas (1950), 292-5]. Nevertheless, despite the problems, it is difficult to believe that there is nothing to these two similar, and apparently independent, accounts of two near contemporary writers. Baldwin reports that "given the difficulty of reconciling a marriage with the evidence, a possible betrothal of Estrid to either Robert or Richard II would seem like a reasonable alternative." [1]
Norman sources do not mention such a marriage for either duke, and historians disagree whether it was a short-lived marriage, a betrothal, or a result of confusion.[8] Since there is no indication the marriage ever took place, it has been disconnected on WikiTree.Day-1904 10:17, 13 May 2017 (EDT)
1021 Possible First Mistress
In 1021, Robert would have been 21 years old, and it is reasonable to imagine that he had a mistress during this period, lending credence to those who believe that Adelaide was born two or three years before William.
Cawley reports the name of Duke Robert's first mistresss is not known, but that Robert de Torigny names "Aeliz" as daughter of Duke Robert II "de alia concubina", different from Herleve. [5]
Some authorities suggest that both William and his sister Adelaide had the same mother, but most suggest different mothers. There is also a discrepancy as to whether Adelaide was born before or after William. Some sources refer to Adelaide as William's "uterine sister." The question of who her mother was seems to remain unsettled. Elisabeth Van Houts ['Les femmes dans l'histoire du duché de Normandie', Tabularia < Études >, n° 2, 2002, (10 July 2002), p. 23, n. 22] makes the argument that Robert of Torigny in the GND II, p. 272 (one of three mentions in this volume of her being William's sister) calls her in this instance William's 'uterine' sister' (soror uterina) and is of the opinion this is a mistake similar to one he made regarding Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his paternal half-brother William, Count of Eu (calling them 'uterine' brothers). Based on this she concludes Adelaide was a daughter of Duke Robert by a different concubine. Kathleen Thompson ["Being the Ducal Sister: The Role of Adelaide of Aumale", Normandy and Its Neighbors, Brepols, (2011) p. 63] cites the same passage in GND as did Elisabeth Van Houts, specifically GND II, 270\endash 2, but gives a different opinion. She noted that Robert de Torigni stated here she was the uterine sister of Duke William "so we might perhaps conclude that she shared both mother and father with the Conqueror." But as Torigni wrote a century after Adelaide's birth and in that same sentence in the GND made a genealogical error, she concludes that the identity of Adelaide's mother remains an open question. [3]
1026 Reign and Death of Robert's brother, Richard III
Before he died, Richard II had decided his elder son Richard III would succeed him while his second son Robert would become Count of Hiémois. [9]
In August 1026, Richard II, father of Richard and Robert, died and Guillaume of Jumièges records that Richard II Duke of Normandy, on his deathbed, confirmed the succession of his son Richard and made Robert the Count of Hiémois. [5]
Richard III became duke, but very soon afterwards Robert rebelled against his brother, was subsequently defeated and forced to swear fealty to his older brother Richard.[10]
When Richard III died a year later, it was reported by William of Malmesbury [11] that Robert died of poisoning. Although nothing could be proved, Robert had the most to gain. [12]
1026 Herleve of Falaise
Given William's birth in 1027, Robert had a relationship with Herleve of Falaise, probably at Falaise, in 1026. Herleve (or Arlette) was the daughter of Fulbert de Falaise and his wife Doda (Duwa). "Guillaume of Jumièges names "Herleva Fulberti cubicularii ducis filia" as the mother of "Willelmus...ex concubina Roberti ducis...natus". [5]
The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines that Herleve's family were from Chaumont in the diocese of Liège but moved to Falaise, adding that others said they were from Huy. [5]
Immediately after the death of Duke Richard II on 23 August 1026, his son Robert occupied Falaise, not wishing to accept the authority of his older brother Duke Richard III. Robert's stay was, however, short, as the two brothers were reconciled soon after. [5]
According to Cawley, Deville suggests it is reasonable to suppose that Robert's relationship with Herleve, Guillaume's mother, occurred soon after his arrival at Falaise, and that therefore Guillaume's birthdate can be fixed more precisely to mid-1027. [5]
Richardson simply reports that Robert had a mistress named Arlette or Herleve who was the mother of one illegitimate son, William the Conqueror. [2]
1027 Reign of Robert
Robert succeeded his brother in 1027 as Robert II Duke of Normandy. [5]
The conflicts initiated by Robert against his brother Richard continued to destabilize Normandy after his accession, and his reign was characterized by private wars between neighboring barons and conflicts with domains ruled by close relatives, such as his uncle, Robert, Archbishop of Rouen and Count of Evreux or his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux. [3]
During this period Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the Abbey of Fecamp. [13]
Robert also engaged in conflicts outside of Normandy. He contributed to the restoration of Henry King of France to his throne and received from the gratitude of the monarch, the Vexin, as an addition to his patrimonial domains.
Robert intervened in the civil war in Flanders between Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV whom the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders.[14]
Robert's cousins, the Athelings Edward and Alfred, sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred, King of England had been living at the Norman Court and at one point Robert, on their behalf, attempted to mount an invasion of England but was prevented in doing so, it was said, by unfavorable winds, [15]that scattered and sank much of the fleet. Robert made a safe landing in Guernsey. Gesta Normannorum Ducum stated that King Cnut sent envoys to Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the naval invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem. [16]
1035 The Church and Robert's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Cawley reports that Robert's attitude towards the Church had changed noticeably certainly since his reinstating his uncle's position as Archbishop of Rouen. [17] In his attempt to reconcile his differences with the Church he restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all the properties he had earlier taken from the abbey of Fecamp. [18]
William of Malmesbury records that Robert went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1035. The date of Robert´s departure can be estimated more precisely from his charter dated 13 Jan 1035 which announces his forthcoming departure for Jerusalem. [5]
After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. [19]
1036 Death on Return from Jerusalem
When in 1035 Robert made his plans for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, his son William, who became the Conqueror, was aged 7 (or 8).
According to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum Robert travelled by way of Constantinople, reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035. [19] [2]
Cawley reports that Robert of Normandy died in Nicaea (Nikaia) 22 July 1035. He was buried in the basilca of St. Mary, there, and transferred in 1187 to Apulia. [5]
He died at Nicaea between 1 and 3 July, 1035 and was buried there. [1]
Robert's son William, aged about eight, succeeded him. [20]
Robert succeeded his father in 1035 as GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. [5]
1036 Marriage of Herleve to Herluin
Cawley reports that Herleve, mother of William, married ([after 1035]) Herluin de Conteville. [5] In Richardson's account, however, Herleve married Herluin de Conteville, Vicomte, seigneur of Conteville about 1030, prior to Robert's death. [2]
1086 Reburial
According to the historian William of Malmesbury, around 1086 William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father's body back to be buried in Normandy. Permission was granted, but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy) on the return journey, the envoys learned that William himself had meanwhile died. They then decided to re-inter Robert's body in Italy. [5][21]
Issue
Documented Children
Adelais or Alice, de Lens, Countess of Aumale, an illegitimate daughter of Herleva or an unknown mistress.[2] The only chronicler to explicitly address the issue, Robert of Torigny, contradicts himself, once indicating that she had a distinct mother from William, elsewhere stating that they shared the same mother. The documentation here suggests that Adelaide was born several years prior to Robert's liaison with Herleve de Falaise. Adelaide of Normandy, married three times: to Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu, Lambert II, Count of Lens, and Odo II of Champagne. Cawley reports that she retained the title Comtesse d'Aumâle after her first marriage. Her second marriage is deduced from the same charter of Saint-Martin d´Auchy which also names "Judita comitissa domine supradicte filia"[233]. Orderic Vitalis records that King William I granted "comitatum Hildernessæ" to "Odoni...Campaniensi nepoti Theobaldi comitis" who had married "sororem...regis filiam...Rodberti ducis"[234]. William I King of England donated various properties to the abbey of La Trinité de Caen, including "burgum de Hulmo" with the consent of "Adelisa amita mea…cujus hereditas erat sed et comitissa A. de Albamarla…in vita sua", by charter dated 1082[235]. m firstly ENGUERRAND [II] Comte de Montreuil, son of HUGUES de Ponthieu Comte de Montreuil & his wife Berthe d'Aumâle (-killed in battle Château d'Arques 25 Oct [1053]). m secondly ([1053/54]) LAMBERT de Boulogne Comte de Lens, son of EUSTACHE [I] Comte de Boulogne & his wife Mathilde de Louvain (-killed in battle Phalampin 1054). m thirdly ([1060]) EUDES III Comte de Troyes et d'Aumâle, son of ETIENNE I Comte de Troyes [Blois] & his wife Adela --- (-after 1118). [5]Wikitree currently reports her born in Falaise Castle 1035. This is problematic because she may well have been born earlier than William in 1027. Birth at Falaise Castle suggests the belief that Herleva was her mother, but in 1035 Herleva was becoming married to Herluin.
Guillaume, who became William the Conqueror, was born 1027 in Normandy the illegitimate son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, and his mistress, Arlette (or Herleve), daughter of Fulbert of Falaise, [2] Cawley reports that William's mother was the second mistress, and that he was born in the Château de Falaise, Normandy. [5] William of Malmesbury, reported that Guillaume was born of a concubine and was seven years old when his father left for Jerusalem. Orderic Vitalis, who states that William was eight years old at the time. [5] By his mistress, Herleva of Falaise, [22] he was father of:
William the Conqueror (c. 1028\endash 1087). [23]
Undocumented children no longer linked on Wikitree
Felicia (Normandy) Normandie, b. 1017, Normandy
Lesceline (Normandy) de Normandie, born 1026 Caen, however Caen was founded by William the Conqueror, to which he moved his Normandy capital from Rouen.
Godiva (Normandie) de Mercia, born Nourmandie 1076
Line of Descent to William the Conqueror
Douglas Richardson [24] provides one line of descent from Charlemagne to William the Conqueror and four lines of descent from Charlemagne to William's wife Maud.
Parent: Judith, 982-1017
This profile: Robert, 1000-1035
Child: William, 1027-1087
Sources
? 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Stewart Baldwin, "Robert I 'le Magnifique' ('the Magnificent')", The Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England, (2004), https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/data/rober000.htm : accessed 19 July, 2022.
? 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Douglas Richardson, Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Kimball G. Everingham, ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: 2013. Volume 5, page 487
? 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? See François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 97 & n. 5. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Charles Cawley. "Robert." Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Medieval Lands Database. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? M. K. Lawson, Cnut: England's Viking King (2004), p. 105. and CdB Guided Tours Roman and Norman Notes. Cited by Wikipedia. Estrid Svendsdater. [1] Accessed May 13, 2017.
? Pauline Stafford, Queen Emma and Queen Edith (1997), p. 23; cf. p. 235. Cited by Wikipedia. Estrid Svendsdater. [2] Accessed May 13, 2017.
? Wikipedia. Estrid Svendsdater. [3] Accessed May 13, 2017.
? The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. II, Books V-VIII, ed. Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995), pp. 40\endash 1. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 46. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? Gesta regum Anglorum, Vol. i, pp. 211-12) and Wace (pt. iii, II, 3212\endash 14) Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 32. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 49. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), pp. 49\endash 50. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? Christopher Harper-Bill; Elisabeth Van Houts, A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 2003), p. 31. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 78\endash 80. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 102Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 103. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? 19.0 19.1 The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 80-5. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 110. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? William M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy: C. 1050\endash 1134 (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 2008), p. 159 n. 38 Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), p. lxxv. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 15, passim. Cited by Wikipedia. Robert I, Duke of Normandy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I%2C_Duke_of_Normandy. Accessed May 5, 2017.
? Douglas Richardson. Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Kimball G Everingham, Editor. Salt Lake City, Utah: By the Author, 2013. Volume V, p. 485-486
King William DE NORMANDIE Rufus
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 1060 - Normandie Christening: Death: 2 Aug 1100 - New Forest, Hampshire, England ( aged about 40) Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Guillaume DE NORMANDIE King of England (Abt 1027-1087) Mother: Mathilde FLANDRE of England (Abt 1031-1083)
Notes
General:
William Rufus, King of England, also known as William IIResearch:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Normandie-87
Thomas DE PABENHAM
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: unkwn - Pabenham, Bedfordshire, England Christening: Death: 18 Sep 1344 Burial: Cause of Death:
Spouses and Children
1. *Alice UFFORD (Abt 1300 - Abt 1347) Marriage: Abt 1333 - England Status: Children: 1. Sir Laurence PABENHAM (Abt 1334-1399)
Notes
Research:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Pabenham-13
Hugues DE PERCHE
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 974 - Gatinais, France Christening: Death: After 1 Apr 1046 - Anjou, France Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Fulcois DE NOGENT (Abt 950-1031) Mother: Melisende DE CHÂTEAUDUN (Abt 955-1040)
Spouses and Children
1. *Beatrix MÂCON (Abt 970 - After 1028) Marriage: Status: Children: 1. Geoffrey DE CHÂTEAU-LANDON Comte de Gâtinais (Abt 1000-1045)
Notes
Research:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Perche-28
---
Biography
Sources
MedLands: Hugues du Perche
Henry Project: Hugues du Perche.
Guillaume DE POITOU Comte de Poitou
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth Date: 22 Jul 1136 - Argentan, Orne, Basse-Normandie, France Christening: Death: 30 Jan 1164 - Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France ( at age 27) Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Geoffrey D'ANJOU Comte d'Anjou (1113-1151) Mother: Empress Matilda NORMANDIE Lady of the English (1102-1167)Azelina DE RIE
Sex: F
Individual Information
Birth Date: Abt 1020 - Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France Christening: Death: 1092 - France ( aged about 72) Burial: Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Hubert DE RIE (Abt 1005-Abt 1086) Mother:
Spouses and Children
1. *Ralf DE TAILLEBOIS Sheriff of Bedfordshire (Abt 1014 - Abt 1085) Marriage: Unknown Status: Children: 1. Matilda DE TAILLEBOIS (Abt 1050-1124)
Notes
Research:
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rie-22
---
Biography
Azelina's husband Ralf had recently died in 1086 when the Domesday Book was made. She appears in that record named as his wife.[1]
Mappings and listings of her holdings in 1086:
PASE project website: http://domesday.pase.ac.uk/Domesday?op=5&personkey=40603
Open Domesday website profile: https://opendomesday.org/name/azelina-wife-of-ralph-tallboys/
She was also mentioned in some of the records discussing disputes about lands.[2]
It is from analysis of such records that a proposal has been made that Azelina might be from the family of Eudo the dapifer, but this should be considered very uncertain.[3] Azelina's husband Ralf had recently died in 1086 when the Domesday Book was made. She appears in that record named as his wife.[4]
Mappings and listings of her holdings in 1086:
PASE project website: http://domesday.pase.ac.uk/Domesday?op=5&personkey=40603
Open Domesday website profile: https://opendomesday.org/name/azelina-wife-of-ralph-tallboys/
She was also mentioned in some of the records discussing disputes about lands.[5]
It is from analysis of such records that a proposal has been made that Azelina might be from the family of Eudo the dapifer, but this should be considered very uncertain.[6]
Sources
? Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p.159
? See for example:
Ward, Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500, p.91.
Fleming, Domesday Book and the Law: Society and Legal Custom in Early Medieval England, p.95 and p.96.
? G. Herbert Fowler (1913) , Publications of the Bedfordshire historical record society, p.67.
? Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p.159
? See for example:
Ward, Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500, p.91.
Fleming, Domesday Book and the Law: Society and Legal Custom in Early Medieval England, p.95 and p.96.
? G. Herbert Fowler (1913) , Publications of the Bedfordshire historical record society, p.67.
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